Animation

Animation refers to the process in which each frame of a film or movie is
produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by
photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a
model (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result.
When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a
speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous
movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very
labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation
has greatly sped up the process.

Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of
animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was
pioneered by UPA, then adapted by other studios cartoons moved from movies
into television.

Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to
produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional
animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed
at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent
studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation
producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.

Animation History

The history of film animation begins with the earliest days of silent film
and continues through the present day.

The first animated cartoon was Fantasmagorie by the French director ƒmile
Courtet (also called ƒmile Cohl), projected for the first time August 17,
1908 at 'ThŽ‰tre du Gymnase', in Paris. ƒmile Courtet went to Fort Lee, New
York near New York City in 1912, where he worked for French studio ƒclair
and spead its technique in the US.

The first animated feature-length film was Satire du Pt Irigoyen (1917) from
Argentine Frederico Valle, shown in Agentina.

The second animated feature film was The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926)
from German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch.

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