Political party

A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain
ideology or formed around special issues. In party-list proportional
representation, parties (and sometimes multi-party cartels) can play a
functional role in the voting system.

Single-party, two-party, and multi-party governments

In single-party states, only one political party is allowed. This party is
not, however, identical to the government, although sometimes positions
within the party may be in fact more important than positions within the
government.

Two-party systems are states, such as the United States, in which there are
two dominant political parties, with extreme difficulty for anybody to
achieve electoral success under the banner of any other party. The
relationship between the voting system used and the two-party system was
described by Maurice Duverger and is known as Duverger's Law.

Multi-party systems encourage diversity in the political offer.

Parties and directions

Political parties are often considered on a political spectrum. One typical
spectrum has the Left associated with radical or progressive policies and
the Right with conservative or reactionary policies. Other analyses include
other dimensions such as the political parties' acceptance of parliamentary
democracy as opposed to authoritarian or totalitarian attitudes, and
economic policies, the Left favoring social-democracy, socialism or
communism, while the Right tends to favor laissez-faire economics.

Colors and emblems for parties

Generally speaking, over the world, political parties associate themselves
with colors, primarily for identification, especially for voter recognition
during elections. Red usually signifies leftist, communist or socialist
parties; pink sometimes signifies socialist. Conservative and Christian
democratic parties generally use blue. Yellow is often used for liberalism.
Green is the color for green parties and Islamic parties.

There are notable exceptions and variations:

   * In the United States, the (currently) conservative Republican Party is
     red, and the (currently) progressive Democratic Party is blue, stemming
     from southern Texas ballots helping illiterate voters in late 19th
     century and early 20th century thus colored [1].
   * In Taiwan, New Party uses yellow as its party color though its policies
     are conservative; Democratic Progressive Party uses green though its
     international alignment is with the Liberal International.
   * In Canada, the official colour for the New Democratic Party is orange,
     while the Liberal Party of Canada uses red.
   * In Belgium, the Liberal Democrats (VLD/MR) are blue and the Christian
     Democrats are orange. In the Netherlands, Liberals (VVD) are blue and
     Christian Democrats use green.
   * In Northern Ireland, the Protestant parties in the Northern Ireland
     Assembly are called the "orange block" and the Catholic parties are the
     "green block".

Color associations are useful for mnemonics when voter illiteracy is
significant. Another use case is when it is not desirable to make rigorous
links to parties, particularly when coalitions and alliances are formed
between political parties and other organizations, for example: Red-Green
Alliance, Blue-Green Alliance, Pan-green coalition, and Pan-blue coalition.

The emblem of Socialist Parties is often a red rose held in a fist.

International organizations of political parties

During the 20th century, many national political parties organized
themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines.
Notable examples are the International Workingmen's Association, the
Socialist International (both red), the Liberal International (yellow), the
International Democrat Union (blue), and the Worldwide green parties
(green). The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the
International Democrat Union are all based in London.

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