Emergence

Emergence is the process of deriving some new and coherent structures,
patterns and properties in a complex system. Emergent phenomena occur due to
the pattern of interactions between the elements of a system over time.
Emergent phenomena are often unexpected, nontrivial results of relatively
simple interactions of relatively simple components.

What distinguishes a complex system from a merely complicated one is that
some behaviours and patterns emerge in complex systems as a result of the
patterns of relationship between the elements.

An emergent behaviour is shown when a number of simple entities (agents)
operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviours as a collective.
The complex behaviour is not a property of any single such entity, nor can
it easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities.

The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are readily
understandable examples, and it is typical that the mechanisms governing the
flock or school are harder to grasp than the behaviour of individual birds
or fish.

Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in a lot of places, from any
multicellular biological organism to traffic patterns or organizational
phenomena to computer simulations. The study of emergent behaviours is not
generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application
or problem domains.

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